Rashedi S, Bahrami M. Factors related to the health promoting life style among geriatric patients. Nursing And Midwifery Journal. 2015;13(2):90–8.
Ageing and health [Internet]. Who.int. [cited 2025 Apr 4]. Available from: Accessed on 25 March 2024.
Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ma L. Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current understanding. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;47:1–5.
Google Scholar
Alaviani M, Khodayari MT, Rahimi R, Jafari S. Prevalence of elder abuse in Maragheh, Iran 2017. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.15–105:(176)29;2019.
Census 2016 | Iran Data Portal. Tehran. Statistical Center of Iran. Selected Results of the 2016 National Population and Housing Census. 2017. Available from: https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wpcontent/uploads/Iran_Census_2016_Selected_Results.pdf.
Ferrucci L, Gonzalez-Freire M, Fabbri E, Simonsick E, Tanaka T, Moore Z, et al. Measuring biological aging in humans: A quest. Aging Cell. 2020;19(2): e13080.
Google Scholar
Luo MS, Chui EWT, Li LW. The longitudinal associations between physical health and mental health among older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24(12):1990–8.
Google Scholar
Imanzadeh A, Alipoor S. Examining the elderly women’s experiences of loneliness: a phenomenological study. Aging Psychology. 2017;3(1):31–43.
Segal DL, Qualls SH, Smyer MA. Aging and mental health. Wiley, Inc.: Hoboken; 2018.
Martins AM, Nascimento JE, Souza JG, Sá MA, Feres SB, Soares BP, et al. The association between common mental disorders and subjective health conditions among the elderly. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 2016;21(11):3387–98. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152111.07842015.
Mental health of older adults [Internet]. Who.int. [cited 2025 Apr 4]. Available from: Accessed on 25 March 2024.
Alaviani M, Ghaderi N, Vafa FS, Hosseini SH, Heshmati H, Sanee N, et al. An investigation of the relationship between loneliness and general health status in students of maragheh university of medical sciences in 2016. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2018;10(3):80–6.
Tian Q. Intergeneration social support affects the subjective well-being of the elderly: Mediator roles of self-esteem and loneliness. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(6):1137–44.
Google Scholar
Orth U, Erol RY, Luciano EC. Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2018;144(10):1045.
Google Scholar
Alaphilippe D. Evolution de l’estime de soi chez l’adulte âgé. Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2008;6(3):167–76.
Google Scholar
Šare S, Ljubičić M, Gusar I, Čanović S, Konjevoda S. Self-esteem, anxiety, and depression in older people in nursing homes. Healthcare. 202;9(8):1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9081035.
Ji P, Zhang L, Gao Z, Ji Q, Xu J, Chen Y, et al. Relationship between self-esteem and quality of life in middle-aged and older patients with chronic diseases: mediating effects of death anxiety. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):7.
Google Scholar
Sowislo JF, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(1):213.
Google Scholar
Crocker J. The costs of seeking self–esteem. J Soc Issues. 2002;58(3):597–615.
Google Scholar
Teo RH, Cheng WH, Cheng LJ, Lau Y, Lau ST. Global prevalence of social isolation among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2023;107: 104904.
Google Scholar
Xie J, Zhang B, Yao Z, Zhang W, Wang J, Zhao C-n, et al. The effect of subjective age on loneliness in the old adults: The chain mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;10:907934.
Google Scholar
Evans FB. Interpersonal theory of psychiatry (Sullivan). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Springer; 2020. p. 2386–94.
Mushtaq R, Shoib S, Shah T, Mushtaq S. Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2014;8(9):WE01.
Google Scholar
Barreto M, Victor C, Hammond C, Eccles A, Richins MT, Qualter P. Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality Individ Differ. 2021;169: 110066.
Google Scholar
Ong AD, Uchino BN, Wethington E. Loneliness and health in older adults: A mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology. 2016;62(4):443–9.
Google Scholar
Rocha-Vieira C, Oliveira G, Couto L, Santos P. Impact of loneliness in the elderly in health care: a cross-sectional study in an urban region of Portugal. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2019;2:138–43.
Google Scholar
Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, Reiner I, Jünger C, Michal M, et al. Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):1–7.
Google Scholar
Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Crawford LE, Ernst JM, Burleson MH, Kowalewski RB, et al. Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(3):407–17.
Google Scholar
Christiansen J, Larsen FB, Lasgaard M. Do stress, health behavior, and sleep mediate the association between loneliness and adverse health conditions among older people? Soc Sci Med. 2016;6–152:80.
Google Scholar
Zhang J, Wu Q, Miao D, Yan X, Peng J. The impact of core self-evaluations on job satisfaction: The mediator role of career commitment. Soc Indic Res. 2014;116:809–22.
Google Scholar
Zhao J, Kong F, Wang Y. The role of social support and self-esteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personality Individ Differ. 2013;54(5):577–81.
Google Scholar
Chen Y, Feeley TH. Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults: An analysis of the Health and Retirement Study*. J Soc Pers Relat. 2014;31(2):141–61.
Google Scholar
Yildiz MA, Karadas C. Multiple mediation of self-esteem and perceived social support in the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction. J Educ Pract. 2017;8(3):130–9.
Chen J, Zheng K, Xia W, Wang Q, Liao Z, Zheng Y. Does inside equal outside? Relations between older adults’ implicit and explicit aging attitudes and self-esteem. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2313.
Google Scholar
Chen C, Hu L. Self-esteem mediated relations between loneliness and social anxiety in Chinese adolescents with left-behind experience. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1014794.
Google Scholar
Yang M, Wang H, Yao J. Relationship between intergenerational emotional support and subjective well-being among elderly migrants in China: the mediating role of loneliness and self-esteem. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14567.
Google Scholar
Szcześniak M, Bielecka G, Madej D, Pieńkowska E, Rodzeń W. The role of self-esteem in the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction in late adulthood: evidence from Poland. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:1201–12. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S275902.
Zebhauser A, Hofmann-Xu L, Baumert J, Haefner S, Lacruz M, Emeny RT, et al. How much does it hurt to be lonely? Mental and physical differences between older men and women in the KORA-Age Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(3):245–52.
Google Scholar
Pinquart M, Sörensen S. Risk factors for loneliness in adulthood and old age–a meta-analysis. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.: Hauppauge; 2003.
Mamun MA, Hossain MS, Moonajilin MS, Masud MT, Misti JM, Griffiths MD. Does loneliness, self-esteem and psychological distress correlate with problematic internet use? A Bangladeshi survey study. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2020;12(2): e12386.
Google Scholar
Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, Burleson M, Berntson GG, Nouriani B, et al. Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. J Res Pers. 2006;40(6):1054–85.
Google Scholar
Memon MA, Ting H, Cheah J-H, Thurasamy R, Chuah F, Cham TH. Sample size for survey research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling. 2020;4(2):1–20.
Google Scholar
Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson ML. Developing a measure of loneliness. J Pers Assess. 1978;42(3):290–4.
Google Scholar
Hojjati H, Sharifnia S, Hassanalipour S, Akhonzadeh G, Asayesh H. The effect of reminiscence on the amount of group self-esteem and life satisfaction of the elderly. Nurs Midwifery J. 2011;9(5):350–6.
Goldberg D, Williams P. General health questionnaire (GHQ). NFER-Nelson Publisher, Inc: Swindon; 2000.
Taghavi S. Validity and reliability of the general health questionnaire (ghq-28) in college students of shiraz university. J Psychol. 2002;5(4):381–98.
Shahbazzadegan B, Farmanbar R, Ghanbari A, Atrkar Roshan Z, Adib M. The effect of regular exercise on self-esteem in elderly residents in nursing homes. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2008;8(4):387–93.
Li HCW, Chan SLP, Chung OKJ, Chui MLM. Relationships among mental health, self-esteem and physical health in Chinese adolescents: An exploratory study. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(1):96–106.
Google Scholar
Uchida Y, Kitayama S, Mesquita B, Reyes JAS, Morling B. Is perceived emotional support beneficial? Well-being and health in independent and interdependent cultures. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2008;34(6):741–54.
Google Scholar
Zhang L, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Chen J. The relationship between explicit self-esteem and subjective well-being: The moderating effect of implicit self-esteem. J Gen Psychol. 2020;147(1):1–17.
Google Scholar
Hwang S, Kim G, Yang JW, Yang E. The moderating effects of age on the relationships of self-compassion, self-esteem, and mental health. Jpn Psychol Res. 2016;58(2):194–205.
Google Scholar
Baumeister RF, Campbell JD, Krueger JI, Vohs KD. Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological science in the public interest. 2003;4(1):1–44.
Google Scholar
Liu Q, Jiang M, Li S, Yang Y. Social support, resilience, and self-esteem protect against common mental health problems in early adolescence: A nonrecursive analysis from a two-year longitudinal study. Medicine. 2021;100(4): e24334.
Google Scholar
Chung J, Lam K, Ho K, Cheung A, Ho L, Gibson F, et al. Relationships among resilience, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Journal of health psychology. 2020;25(13–14.405–2396.
Orth U, Robins RW. The development of self-esteem. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2014;23(5):381–7.
Google Scholar
Leary MR, Tambor ES, Terdal SK, Downs DL. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;68(3):518.
Google Scholar
Faronbi JO, Gustafsson S, Berglund H, Ottenvall Hammar I, Dahlin-Ivanoff S. Social network and support, self-rated health, and loneliness as predictors of risk for depression among pre-frail and frail older people in Sweden. Open Access J Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2017;2(5):555597. https://doi.org/10.19080/oajggm.2017.02.555597.
Igbokwe CC, Ejeh VJ, Agbaje OS, Umoke PIC, Iweama CN, Ozoemena EL. Prevalence of loneliness and association with depressive and anxiety symptoms among retirees in Northcentral Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20:1–10.
Google Scholar
Mirderikvand F, Adavi H, Amirian L, Khodaie S. The Investigation relationship between Social support and Depression mediated by Loneliness between Elderly. Journal title. 2017;3(2):63–75.
Heinrich LM, Gullone E. The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(6):695–718.
Google Scholar
Leary MR, Baumeister RF. The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. Advances in experimental social psychology. 2000;32:1–62.
link